Chemical and design Handbook .pdf

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PREFACE
Chemicals are part of our everyday lives. The hundreds of chemicals that
are manufactured by industrial processes influence what we do and how
we do it. This book offers descriptions and process details of the most popular
of those chemicals. The manufacture of chemicals involves many
facets of chemistry and engineering which are exhaustively treated in a
whole series of encyclopedic works, but it is not always simple to rapidly
grasp present status of knowledge from these sources. Thus, there is a
growing demand for a text that contains concise descriptions of the most
important chemical conversions and processes of industrial operations.
This text will, therefore, emphasize the broad principles of systems of
chemicals manufacture rather than intimate and encyclopedic details that
are often difficult to understand. As such, the book will allow the reader to
appreciate the chemistry and engineering aspects of important precursors
and intermediates as well as to follow the development of manufacturing
processes to current state-of-the-art processing.
This book emphasizes chemical conversions, which may be defined as
chemical reactions applied to industrial processing. The basic chemistry
will be set forth along with easy-to-understand descriptions, since the
nature of the chemical reaction will be emphasized in order to assist in
the understanding of reactor type and design. An outline is presented
of the production of a range of chemicals from starting materials into
useful products. These chemical products are used both as consumer
goods and as intermediates for further chemical and physical modification
to yield consumer products.
Since the basis of chemical-conversion classification is a chemical one,
emphasis is placed on the important industrial chemical reactions and
chemical processes in Part 1 of this book. These chapters focus on the various
chemical reactions and the type of equipment that might be used in
such processes. The contents of this part are in alphabetical order by reaction
name.
Part 2 presents the reactions and processes by which individual chemicals,
or chemical types, are manufactured and is subdivided by alphabetical listing
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of the various chemicals. Each item shows the chemical reaction by which
that particular chemical can be manufactured. Equations are kept simple
so that they can be understood by people in the many scientific and engineering
disciplines involved in the chemical manufacturing industry. Indeed, it is
hoped that the chemistry is sufficiently simple that nontechnical readers can
understand the equations.
The design of equipment can often be simplified by the generalizations
arising from a like chemical-conversion arrangement rather than by considering
each reaction as unique.
Extensive use of flowcharts is made as a means of illustrating the various
processes and to show the main reactors and the paths of the feedstocks
and products. However, no effort is made to include all of the valves and
ancillary equipment that might appear in a true industrial setting. Thus, the
flowcharts used here have been reduced to maximum simplicity and are
designed to show principles rather than details.
Although all chemical manufacturers should be familiar with the current
selling prices of the principal chemicals with which they are concerned,
providing price information is not a purpose of this book. Prices per unit
weight or volume are subject to immediate changes and can be very misleading.
For such information, the reader is urged to consult the many
sources that deal with the prices of chemical raw materials and products.
In the preparation of this work, the following sources have been used to
provide valuable information: